Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight into electricity and include modules, inverters, polysilicon, and installation supply chains.
Solar PV was invented at Bell Labs (1954) but US treated it as science, not manufacturing. China now controls ~90% of the supply chain (polysilicon to modules) by deploying 70M manufacturing workers vs 12M in US, iterating 'three new problems a day before breakfast' to build unmatchable process knowledge.